Find out, wie regulatorische Änderungen die E-Zigaretten-Branche prägen. Von Inhaltsstoffkontrollen bis Werbebeschränkungen – Compliance als Wettbewerbsvorteil.
Regulatorische Änderungen beeinflussen die E-Zigaretten-Branche maßgeblich. Insbesondere in der Europäischen Union gelten strenge Vorschriften zum Schutz der Verbraucher und zur Regulierung nikotinhaltiger Produkte. Diese gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen haben direkten Einfluss auf Produktentwicklung und Vertrieb.
Zentrale Regulierungsbereiche
Produktsicherheit und Inhaltsstoffe
Gesetze zur Begrenzung von Nikotinstärken, zur Kontrolle von Inhaltsstoffen und zur Produktsicherheit stehen im Mittelpunkt der Regulierung. Hersteller müssen sicherstellen, dass ihre Produkte alle gesetzlichen Anforderungen erfüllen und entsprechend registriert sind.
Packaging, Kennzeichnung und Werbung
Vorgaben zu Warnhinweisen, Verpackungsgestaltung und Werbebeschränkungen erhöhen die Transparenz für Verbraucher, schränken jedoch gleichzeitig Marketingmöglichkeiten ein. Besonders der Online-Handel unterliegt strengen Altersverifikationspflichten.
Chancen und Herausforderungen für Unternehmen
Regulatorische Änderungen stellen Unternehmen vor Herausforderungen, bieten aber auch Chancen. Klare Regeln fördern fairen Wettbewerb und stärken das Vertrauen der Kunden. Eine korrekte Interpretation und Umsetzung gesetzlicher Vorgaben ist entscheidend für nachhaltigen Markterfolg.
In November 2022 published the FDA and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in morbidity- and Mortality Weekly Report “Tobacco Product Use Among Middle and High School Students – United States” (Tobacco product use among middle school students- and high school – United States) Federal data on youth tobacco use from the National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) 2022. 2022.” The survey results show, that in the year 2022 more than one in ten middle school students (3,08 millions) in the last 30 consumed tobacco products for several days – 16,5 percent of high school students and 4,5 percent of middle school students.
Current usage
11,3 % (3,08 millions) of secondary school students stated, that they in the last 30 have consumed a tobacco product for days.
Approximately 3,7 % (1 Million) of students stated, currently consuming a combustible tobacco product.
3,5% (960.000) reported, currently several (≥2) Consuming tobacco products
Most commonly used device type
E-cigarette (9,4%)
cigar (1,9%)
Cigarette (1,6%)
Smoke free (1,3%)
water pipe (1,1%)
Nicotine pouches (1,1%)
Heated tobacco products (1,0%)
Plate (0,6%)
Demographics and social determinants of health
Current consumption (in the last 30 days) of tobacco products (Mittel- and high school).
13,5 % of non-Hispanic students of American Indian or Alaska Native descent (AI/Y)
16,0 % described themselves as lesbian, gay or bisexual
16,6 % described themselves as transgender
18,3 % reported severe symptoms of psychological distress
12,5 % had a poor family financial situation
27,2 % had poor school performance (mainly Fs)
Myvapesite: Professional E-Cigarette Wholesale丨Custom
FDA warns companies for selling illegal e-cigarettes, those like toys, Food and cartoon characters look
Am 16. The US Food and Drug Administration has November (FDA) another warning letter to a group of E-cigarettes sent to manufacturers, in which she accuses them, 15 selling various e-cigarette products without authorization
This group of companies includes
Wizman Limited
Shenzhen Fumot Technology Co., Ltd.
Shenzhen Quawins Technology Co., Ltd.
Ruthless Vapor and others.
The FDA stated, the non-approved products are toys, Food or cartoon characters are packaged and could entice young people to consume them. And none of the companies in this group had submitted applications for these products prior to launch.
To those not allowed E-cigarettes-Product designs, which are described in the warning letter issued by the FDA, belong
E-cigarettes are designed as toys and electronic devices, that appeal to young people, like glow sticks, Nintendo Game Boy consoles and walkie talkies.
E-cigarettes with characters from TV shows, films and video games, that appeal to young people, underneath “The Simpsons”, “House of Mischief”, “Squidward”, “Rick and Morty” and “The Squid Game”. “Rick and Morty”, “Little Yellow Men” and “Baby Bus”.
The product looks like food, z. B. a popsicle.
Dr. Brian King, MPH, Director of the FDA Center for Tobacco Products, said: “The design of these products is completely and unashamedly aimed at children. To successfully quit smoking, you have to stick a cartoon image on the front of an e-cigarette? That will hardly convince adults.”
In its warning letter, the FDA stated, that unapproved e-cigarettes are adulterated and counterfeit and that the sale or distribution of unapproved e-cigarettes to U.S. consumers is prohibited under the U.S. Federal Food and Drug Administration, Drug and Cosmetic (FD&C) Act is prohibited. If the violations are not remedied immediately, the FDA may take further action, knows from. B. an injunction, Confiscation and/or civil monetary penalties.
In addition, there is danger, that products imported into the United States, that appear to be fake or adulterated, is detained or entry is refused. Retailers and distributors should speak with their suppliers about possible options for non-approved products in their inventory.
Dr. Brian King said: “The FDA is committed, Keeping tobacco products out of the hands of America's youth.” “The authority will continue to operate, who sell e-cigarettes illegally, hold accountable, especially those, that are aimed at young people.”
In addition to the current warning letter, the FDA has until 28. October more than 440 Warning letters sent to companies, who illegally sell e-cigarettes containing tobacco nicotine, and more than 60 Warning letters to companies, who illegally sell e-cigarettes containing non-tobacco nicotine.
Before, am 18. October, had the US Department of Justice (DOJ) sued six e-cigarette manufacturers in federal district court on behalf of the FDA and sought permanent injunctive relief, because manufacturers continued to produce their products illegally, sold and distributed, without submitting applications for e-cigarette products prior to market launch, even though the FDA had previously warned of violations.
The British e-cigarette market is expected to... 2025 on 1,2 billions of dollars
According to the report recently published by market research firm Technavio “UK E-Cigarette Market by Product and Distribution Channel – Forecast and Analysis 2021-2025” will the British e-cigarette market in the year 2021 expected around 12,20 % grow compared to the previous year, at a CAGR of 13 % during the forecast period, and is expected to last until the year 2025 on 1,2 billion US dollars.
The market is for products (modular e-cigarettes, rechargeable e-cigarettes and disposable e-cigarettes) and sales channels (offline and online) divided. The modular e-cigarette segment is expected to witness significant market share growth during the forecast period. According to the report, the UK e-cigarette market is fragmented, and e-cigarette suppliers are employing growth strategies such as product launches and business expansions, to compete in the market.
The safety of e-cigarettes compared to other tobacco products is driving the growth of the e-cigarette market in the UK. E-cigarettes release nicotine, without burning tobacco. Therefore, they are considered less toxic and a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes. UK smokers are turning to e-cigarettes, to reduce the after effects of smoking. In addition, some actors are working on it, to reduce the nicotine content of their products.
Indonesia is considering stricter regulation of the marketing of e-cigarettes
The Indonesian government plans to tighten relatively lax smoking regulations, to curb the growing number of children smoking.
As part of a planned new regulation, the Indonesian Ministry of Health wants to ban the advertising and packaging of E-cigarettes check, since their legalization in the year 2018 are unregulated. The Ministry of Health also wants to reduce the size of warning labels on tobacco packaging 40 % on 90 % increase, Advertising, Ban sponsorship and promotion of tobacco products and ban the sale of individual cigarettes.
Am 11. August Imran Agus Nurali explained, Director of Health Promotion and Community Empowerment at the Ministry of Health, in a webinar, that the number of underage smokers is increasing every year, especially since the legalization ofE-cigarettes. He stressed the need for increased measures to reduce tobacco consumption, to protect future generations from the consequences of smoking.
He added, that a ban on advertising, Sponsorship and promotion of tobacco products, including E-cigarettes, is also crucial, as according to the Global Youth Tobacco Study 2019 approximately 65 % of Indonesian children tobacco advertising on television, displayed at points of sale and on billboards.
Currently Indonesia is the only country in Southeast Asia, which still allows tobacco advertising on television and in the print media. The government plans to further increase excise taxes on tobacco and revise existing tobacco regulations next year.
At the beginning of this year, the country's Ministry of Finance revised excise taxes on tobacco 12 percent increased, resulting in an average price increase of 35 percent in tobacco products.
Global coalition of e-cigarette users EU price increase for e-cigarettes harms consumers and public health
The UKVIA recently expressed concern about the European Commission's leaked plans to tax e-cigarette products and the associated negative impact on public health. This follows an article in the Financial Times, in which it says, that the European Commission is planning, “Bring the tax rate for new tobacco products such as e-cigarettes and heated tobacco to the same level as cigarettes”.
According to the Commission's draft, products with a high nicotine content would be subject to an excise tax of at least 40 % proven, whileE-cigarettes with lower salary with a tax of 20 % would be occupied. Heated tobacco products should also be included 55 % be taxed. The European Commission this month also banned the sale of flavored, heated tobacco products, to curb the increasing demand for these products among young consumers.
Michael Randall, President of the World e-cigarette users Alliance (WVA), said, that higher taxes on e-cigarette products would have a catastrophic impact on them, who want to stop smoking, and would create a huge new black market for e-cigarette products.
“The European Commission claims, that higher taxes will improve public health, But the opposite is true. Less harmful alternatives like e-cigarettes are a must for the average smoker, who wants to stop, be affordable. If the Commission wants to reduce the public health burden of smoking, she has to make sure of it, that e-cigarettes are cheaper and more accessible.”
The different taxation of cigarettes- and e-cigarette products is crucial for many people, and the high taxation of e-cigarette products causes more harm to the financially disadvantaged, because it is more difficult for them, to switch from cigarettes to e-cigarettes – the group, which accounts for the largest proportion of current smokers.
“High taxes hit the most vulnerable hardest. The increase in the price of e-cigarettes is the opposite of that, what we need at a time, in which there are many crises and people are fighting for them, to make ends meet. The European Commission must understand, that increasing taxes on e-cigarettes will force people back to smoking or to the black market – a situation, that nobody wants. In times of crisis, people must not continue to be punished by the unscientific and ideological fight against e-cigarettes, that has to stop.” Randall said.
If we want to reduce the public health burden of smoking, demands the World E-Cigarette Users’ Alliance calls on the European Commission and the Member States, to follow the scientific evidence and avoid higher taxes on e-cigarette products. The accessibility and affordability of e-cigarette products must be guaranteed.
Randall added: “Instead of taking action against e-cigarettes, The EU must finally devote itself to limiting the harm caused by tobacco consumption. What we need, is risk-based regulation. E-cigarettes are closed 95 % less harmful than cigarettes, therefore they cannot be treated like traditional cigarettes”.
Global summary of legal age for e-cigarettes by country
In the last ten years have E-cigarettes have experienced rapid growth and are now the most popular tobacco category for consumers and the most common alternative to smoking. But with the growing popularity comes a group of annoying customers – curious minors. Regulators and legislators employ a variety of strategies, to keep young people away from e-cigarette products. By far the most common is age regulation, from which e-cigarette products can be purchased.
As with alcohol, the introduction of a minimum sales age for E-cigarettes not a perfect solution, but the safest way, reduce the consumption of e-cigarettes among young people.
Legal minimum age for E-cigarettes in countries around the world
With the exception of the countries, in which E-cigarettes are prohibited, and the countries, where there are no regulations for E-cigarettes gives, Most countries simply use the legal age of majority, to set the minimum age for purchasing e-cigarette products.
Some countries have a national minimum age, but states or provinces may set a higher minimum age. In Canada, for example, the legal minimum age is: E-cigarettes at 18 years, but many provinces and territories have minimum age requirements for purchasing e-cigarette products 19 years set.
In Australia the sale of consumer products containing nicotine is prohibited (except cigarettes) illegal without a doctor's prescription, E-cigarettes however, without nicotine are permitted, although the minimum age for acquisition varies from state to state.
And in the United States, the world's largest market for E-cigarettes, is the legal minimum age for consuming e-cigarettes 21 years.
Countries, in which the legal minimum age for e-cigarettes is 18 years.
Belgium
Bhutan
Brazil
Bulgaria
You have
China
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Denmark
Ecuador
England
The Savior
Estonia
Fiji
Finland
France
Georgia
Deutschland
Greece
Israel
Italy
Ivory Coast
Lithuania
Luxemburg
Malaysia
Maldives
Malta
Moldova
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Poland
Portugal
San Marino
Saudi-Arabian
Scotland
Senegal
Slovenia
South Africa
Sweden
Tajikistan
Togo
Tuvalu
Ukraine
Vietnam
Wales
Countries, in which the legal minimum age for e-cigarettes is 19 years.
Jordan
South Korea
Türkiye
Countries, in which the legal minimum age for e-cigarettes is 20 years.
Japan
Countries, in which the legal minimum age for e-cigarettes 21 years.
South Africa could until the beginning 2023 introduce a tax on e-cigarettes
Recently the South African government announced, that they impose a consumption tax E-cigarettes products will be charged, the on 1. January 2023 will come into force.
According to South African Finance Minister Enoch Godwana, the proposal to tax e-cigarettes is part of the South African government's package to tax tobacco, Alcohol and sugary products, a suggestion, which was submitted to the public for consultation last year, and the e-cigarette tax is included in the changes to the tax law 2022 be included.
In December last year, the South African Ministry of Finance published a 32-page document, from which emerged, that the government is considering a tax on e-cigarettes and atomized products, and openly asked the public for suggestions. Following the publication of the document, there was widespread discussion and great concern in South African society. It is assumed, that there are no specific control measures for e-cigarettes and atomized products in South Africa, and that the national tax system has major gaps and inadequacies.
At the end of February this year, Gordwana presented the Ministry of Finance's first budget report for the year to Parliament 2022 before, in which it was said, that the excise tax on e-cigarettes would apply to all e-cigarette liquid products, independently of, whether they contain nicotine or not, and that the price would be at least R2.9 per ml.
In addition, the excise tax on alcohol and tobacco will be increased 4,5 % on 6,5 % elevated.
The e-cigarette industry was first, who expressed her displeasure. She argued, that introducing a tax on e-cigarettes could discourage smokers, to switch from traditional tobacco to e-cigarettes, which are ultimately a less harmful product than traditional tobacco.
At the community consultation stage on the taxation of e-cigarettes, the deadline for the proposal was initially set by the Ministry of Finance 25. Set for January and later on 7. February extended, as the proposal needed further refinement. Nevertheless, Asanda Gkoy said, CEO der South African Electronic Cigarette Industry Association, that they act as an industry association, the manufacturer, Represents sellers and importers, received no information about the proposal. They were informed about the proposal in the news, which isn't fair.
Two studies from Chinese and British universities show this, that e-cigarettes are significantly less harmful than cigarettes
According to foreign media reports, a recent study by King's College London came to this conclusion, that the health risks of e-cigarettes are far lower than those of cigarettes and that smokers, who switch to e-cigarettes, are exposed to significantly fewer toxins, the cancer, Lungs- and can cause cardiovascular diseases.
This is the most comprehensive investigation to date into the health risks of e-cigarettes, and the report provides the strongest evidence of this, that the health risks of e-cigarettes are far lower than those of cigarettes. The report could lead to that, that e-cigarettes are prescribed as a smoking cessation tool within the National Health Service.
Ann McNeill, Professor of Tobacco Dependence at King’s College and lead author of the study, said: Smoking is uniquely deadly, because a quarter of regular and consistent smokers die from it, but about two-thirds of adult smokers, who would really benefit from switching to e-cigarettes, do not know, that e-cigarettes are less harmful.
Studies have shown, that smoking e-cigarettes is significantly less harmful than smoking, and smokers should be encouraged, to switch to e-cigarettes. Dr. Lion Shahab, Professor of Health Psychology and Co-Director of the Tobacco and Alcohol Research Group at University College London, said: “This study confirms the results of previous research in this area, that e-cigarettes with nicotine are far less harmful than smoking.
Meanwhile, China's Sun Yat-sen University also published a paper in SCI, show their results, that the relative harm reduction potential of e-cigarettes has been demonstrated at the cellular level.
In July this year, Zhongshan University published a paper in the SCI journal Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, in which she came to the conclusion, that the effect of e-cigarette smoke agglutinates on human lung epithelial cell lines (BEAS-2B) for a 24-hour acute exposure was much lower than that of cigarette smoke agglutinates, confirming the relative harm reduction potential of e-cigarettes at the cellular level.
The results showed, that the adverse effects of e-cigarette smoke agglutinates on human lung epithelial cell toxicity and genetic alterations were relatively small at toxicological doses, which suggests this, that e-cigarettes are potentially less toxic and safer.
According to media reports, Kingsley called out Wheaton, Chief Growth Officer von BAT Tobacco, am 29. The public is invited to do so at the GTNF Forum in September, from the approach “quit or die” Say goodbye to smoking and invest more in sustainable alternatives like E-cigarettes to invest, with an emphasis on mitigation. “BAT has worked hard on this, to convert its portfolio from traditional cigarettes to new tobacco alternatives.”
Anti-e-cigarette rhetoric misleads the public, says an expert from the American Council on Science and Health
E-cigarettes can help smokers, to give up the deadly habit. Unfortunately, this information is overshadowed by the wealth of anti-e-cigarette information, that are disseminated by tobacco researchers and journalists.
The evidence is clear: Smoking e-cigarettes is less dangerous than smoking and helps many people, to give up the deadly habit of smoking. No amount of published data can refute either conclusion, but tobacco control researchers, Activists and federal authorities routinely deny or downplay both observations, which affects public understanding of e-cigarettes and discourages smokers from using them, Try alternatives, that could save their lives.
I successfully quit smoking with the help of e-cigarettes, and the conclusion in the previous paragraph comes from a recent publication in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine. medscape (medscape.com) reported on 20. June: “Adults in the U.S. increasingly believe, that e-cigarettes are more harmful than traditional cigarettes.”
Why is the public afraid of e-cigarettes??
The authors analyzed data, as part of the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) were collected, a nationally representative survey, which surveyed adults in the US about their perceptions of cancer and other health-related information. The data was collected in five cycles between January 2018 and May 2020 raised. The answers from more than 3.000 respondents per year (2018: 3.360; 2019: 3.217; 2020: 3.677) were included in the final analysis.
The authors report, that the relative perceived harmfulness ofE-cigarettes compared to cigarettes was assessed using the following question, where six answers were available to choose from: Would you say, that e-cigarettes compared to smoking …… The respondents were found to be relatively less harmful compared to cigarettes (less harmful or much less harmful), harmful (equally harmful) or more harmful (more harmful or more harmful) classified.
The authors suspect, that the negative shift in perception caused by the media coverage of the so-called “EVALI-Epidemie” could be conditional. Von 2019 bis 2020 were more than 2.000 People hospitalized due to lung injuries related to e-cigarette use and 68 died.
That's why, that these cases were not caused by the e-cigarettes themselves, as the CDC falsely claimed for months, but through illegally purchased devices, that were used to smoke e-cigarettes containing THC or CBD. These chemicals, which are found in cannabis and not in tobacco, are mixed with vitamin E acetate, which can lead to the reported lung damage. Dr. Josh Bloom usefully explains the chemistry behind this phenomenon in this story; later studies have confirmed his analysis.
During the EVALI outbreak, journalists did this, what they usually do, if you don't know all the facts: They increased the risk again – with tacit approval of the CDC -, but were not interested, to report on the resolution of the controversy. According to the authors of the study.
“The high relative perception of major damage in March 2020 and April 2020 suggests that, that misperceptions continued long after the link to vitamin E acetate was first identified in September 2019 stopped, possibly because media coverage did not remain at the original level after the source of the outbreak was identified.”
The trend continues
EVALI is no longer an important public health issue, but controversial ideological radicalism and sloppy reporting continue to undermine e-cigarettes as a harm reduction tool today. ACSH and other science-oriented media corrected the propaganda; Unfortunately, the good news didn't get as much attention as the sexy one, scary headlines.
Experts recognize the problem and know, that it needs to be addressed. We're good at it, to convey the message, that cigarettes are bad and tobacco is widely harmful in terms of public health, says Dr. Ashley Brooks-Russell, an associate professor at the Colorado School of Public Health, sagte Medscape Medical News. We're really bad at it, to talk about less harmful options, z. B. that e-cigarettes are less harmful, if you want to smoke.
Dr. Russell is right, but I want to go one step further. Even though they documented the damage, caused by the common anti-e-cigarette analogy, Tobacco researchers cannot give up their skepticism about e-cigarettes. As the authors of the study themselves write.
“E-cigarettes …… contain high nicotine content and appealing flavors for young people, which can lead to addiction and consumption of combustible tobacco products in adolescents and young adults”. Every word of this statement is at least partially false. Many e-cigarettes contain little or no nicotine. Flavored e-cigarettes do not promote tobacco product use among youth; there is no solid evidence, which would justify this assumption. The authors also repeat the anti-e-cigarette claim, which has become a faithful article for tobacco researchers: “The risks associated with long-term use are not yet known”. This is inevitably true, but public health researchers often use this claim, to suggest, that we will see some serious risks associated with e-cigarettes in the future.
The American Cancer Society claims: “The long-term risks of e-cigarette use are not fully known, but there is increasing evidence of this, that the consumption of e-cigarettes has negative effects on the cardiovascular system and the lungs. If action is not taken immediately, to stop the widespread use of these products, the long-term negative health effects will increase.
Can you imagine, that a major medical institution makes a similar statement about the new vaccine against crown pneumonia or the puberty blocker to treat gender anxiety? After all, we don't know, what long-term effects these powerful drugs can have on people, that they take. Surely we have to “popular use” stop using these products, until we know more about them, or?
If these questions bother you, then perhaps you will begin to understand, why the popular rhetoric about E-cigarettes is so ridiculous. In order to be able to properly evaluate a product, we must carefully weigh the risks and benefits of its use. Nobody claims, that e-cigarettes are risk-free; it is an effective measure to reduce smoking – and smoking kills people around the world.
Given this criterion, it is a foolish thought experiment, to speculate about the damage, that we might find one day. Tell the public, what we know today: E-cigarettes are a relatively low-risk option for adult smokers, who want to stop smoking.
Oxford, Harvard and other university research institutes confirm, that e-cigarettes are more effective than nicotine replacement therapy in smoking cessation
Recently, research institutions such as Oxford University, die Maryknoll University of London, die Auckland University, the Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School as well as Lanzhou University and McMaster University in Canada published two papers, in which they came to the conclusion based on experiments and data collection, that e-cigarettes have a better effect on smoking cessation than cigarettes, that they have less harmful effects and that the smoking cessation effect is even better than nicotine replacement therapy.
With estimated 1,3 billion smokers worldwide, which every year more than 8 cause millions of deaths, Smoking is one of the biggest threats to public health, that the world has ever faced. Nicotine replacement therapy is an internationally recognized method for smoking cessation, where patches mainly contain nicotine, Chewing gum, Lozenges and other products are used, to replace cigarettes and support smokers in achieving the goal of quitting smoking.
One on the renowned literature site TID (Tobacco Induced Diseases) published work by researchers at Lanzhou University and McMaster University in Canada shows, that e-cigarettes have better withdrawal rates than nicotine replacement therapy. The study, based on a study 1.748 Test subjects based, came to the conclusion, that e-cigarettes are nicotine replacement therapy for both >6-monthly continuous abstinence rate as well as the 7-day abstinence rate.
To date, there is no more effective method for quitting smoking than e-cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapies, which have been largely proven by scientists. Aside from throat irritation, the adverse effects of both modalities are not significant.
In addition, researchers from the University of Oxford, der Queen Mary University of London, der University of Auckland, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School jointly published a research article on the literature website Wiley Online Library, in which they analyze a follow-up survey of people, who use e-cigarettes to quit smoking. The study assumes this, that the scientific community generally agrees, that e-cigarettes are far less risky than burning tobacco, and she wanted to investigate using comparative data, whether the risks to humans could be reduced by quitting smoking using e-cigarettes. For this purpose, the researchers divided a sample of 1 299 People from Greece, Italy, Poland, the United Kingdom and the United States in persons, who only smoke e-cigarettes, smokers and people, who use a combination of e-cigarettes and cigarettes.
The results showed, that at 13 Biomarkers for potential harm in the pure e-cigarette group 12 had lower indicators than the smoking group and at 25 Biomarkers for potential harm in the pure e-cigarette group 5 had lower indicators than the e-cigarette-cigarette combination group. Potentially harmful biomarkers with lower indicators included 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid, 2-Cyanoethyl mercapturic acid and o-toluidine.
The study concluded, that the use of E-cigarettes as a replacement for cigarettes or a combination of e-cigarettes and cigarettes can effectively reduce the risk to humans.